{"id":2357,"date":"2025-07-14T13:29:51","date_gmt":"2025-07-14T13:29:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bestypack.com\/?p=2357"},"modified":"2026-08-03T04:44:46","modified_gmt":"2026-08-03T04:44:46","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b4-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bestypack.com\/ar\/blog\/differences-cross-linked-and-non-cross-linked-shrink-film\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a: \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a (Cross-linked) \u0647\u0648<\/strong> \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 BOPA \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631<\/strong>, \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u2014\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d
\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\n\n\n

\u5173\u4e8e\u76d1\u7ba1\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u8003<\/strong> \u7f8e\u56fd\u98df\u54c1\u836f\u54c1\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u5c40\uff08FDA\uff09\u7684 \u98df\u54c1\u5305\u88c5\u6307\u5357<\/a> \u5728\u6279\u51c6\u9884\u671f\u7684\u98df\u54c1\u63a5\u89e6\u7528\u9014\u4e4b\u524d\u3002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

\"\u6234\u624b\u5957\u7684\u624b\u7528\u900f\u660e\u4fdd\u9c9c\u819c\u5305\u88f9\u6d45\u5c42\u751f\u9c9c\u4ea7\u54c1\u6258\u76d8\"
\u6258\u76d8\u8d34\u5408\u4e0e\u64cd\u4f5c\u6982\u5ff5\u793a\u610f\u56fe\uff1b\u56fe\u50cf\u4e0d\u6807\u8bc6\u805a\u5408\u7269\u6216\u8bc1\u660e\u6027\u80fd\u3002.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0627<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/a> \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c, \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/strong>, \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644. \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0643\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637
\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u2014\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0647<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064e \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c, \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/strong>, \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6bd4\u8f83\u8f74<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643: \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643: \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/th>\u9700\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u5185\u5bb9<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645<\/td>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0646\u0629<\/td>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629<\/td><\/tr>
\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644<\/td><\/tr>
\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634<\/td>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629<\/td>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u6536\u7f29\u529b<\/strong><\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/td><\/tr>
\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629<\/td>\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d<\/td><\/tr>
\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641<\/td><\/tr>
\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637<\/td>\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/td>\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u063a\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649\u201d \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645. \u0634\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 ASTM D882 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 ASTM D1922 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u6297\u6495\u88c2\u6027\u3002<\/strong>, \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c MD \u0648 TD \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a ASTM D1709 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0634\u0644 50\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 A \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 B \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 ASTM D4272 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0647. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0634\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 ASTM F88\/F88M \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0650 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b., \u7ebf\u901f\u5ea6<\/strong>, \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 ASTM \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u062f \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f ASTM D2732 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 ASTM D2838 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Free shrink and shrink force are not synonyms. ASTM D2732 determines the unrestrained linear dimensional change of a plastic film at a specified temperature. It helps describe how much a specimen can contract when it is free to move. ASTM D2838 addresses shrink tension and orientation release stress under restraint.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 MD \u0648TD\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a ASTM D1003 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a ASTM D2457 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 (dog-ears)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0648\u0634\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201c\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u201c\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n
  • \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n
  • \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n
  • \u0627\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639.<\/li>\n\n\n
  • \u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n
  • \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
    \"\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d
    \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645. \u0635\u062d\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 (Cross-Linked) \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629<\/th>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/th>\u91cd\u8981\u63d0\u793a\uff1a<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
    \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/td>\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642<\/td>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/td>\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/td><\/tr>
    \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/td>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629<\/td>\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\u0634\u062e\u0651\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b<\/td><\/tr>
    \u062e\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/td>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643<\/td><\/tr>
    \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0641\u0634\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645<\/td>\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \"\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d
    \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645: \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u2014\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0643\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 (Non-Cross-Linked) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0623\u0628\u0642\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n
    • \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n
    • \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d.<\/li>\n\n\n
    • \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n
    • \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643\u060c, \u5377\u6750\u5c3a\u5bf8<\/strong>, \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 = (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 + \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 + \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 + \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 + \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 + \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 + \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629) \u00f7 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0623\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0647. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u061b \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\/\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0645\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
        \n\n
      1. \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 (Baseline).<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Incumbent Grade)\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n
      2. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629.<\/strong> \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f. \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 (Conditioning) \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d.<\/li>\n\n\n
      3. \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0635.<\/li>\n\n\n
      4. \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/strong> \u8ba1\u6570 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (Burn-through)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n
      5. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 (Challenge the Package).<\/strong> \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d.<\/li>\n\n\n
      6. \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/strong> \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
        \"\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d
        \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645: \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 (RFQ)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

        \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 ASTM D618 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 ASTM D6988 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 (RFQ) \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n\n
        • \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n\n\n
        • \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (Core)\u060c, \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641<\/strong>, \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a (Splices).<\/li>\n\n\n
        • \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n
        • \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u061b \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/li>\n\n\n
        • \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631 (Free Shrink) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629 (MD) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a (TD) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Restrained Shrink Force) \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n\n\n
        • \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Haze) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646 (Gloss) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n
        • \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n
        • \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

          \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          \u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 (Cross-linked) \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u0644\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u201d \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 MD \u0623\u0648 TD\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0645 (Dart Impact)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 (Downgauging)\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u0644\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0651\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0628. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639<\/strong> \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

          \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 APR (APR Design Guide) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0632\u060c \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u5177\u6709\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u56de\u6536\u9014\u5f84\uff0c\u5f53\u8584\u819c\u4e0e\u76ee\u6807\u56de\u6536\u6d41\u517c\u5bb9\u3001\u6709\u6536\u96c6\u6e20\u9053\u3001\u6750\u6599\u53ef\u5206\u7c7b\u548c\u518d\u52a0\u5de5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u56de\u6536\u6811\u8102\u6709\u7ec8\u7aef\u5e02\u573a\u65f6\u3002\u7f3a\u5c11\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u5b9e\u9645\u7b54\u6848\u4ece\u201c\u662f\u201d\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u6b64\u9014\u5f84\u5b9e\u73b0\u201d\u3002<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a MD\/TD\u060c \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0635\u0642 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

          \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0635\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n

          \u76f8\u5173Bestypack\u8d44\u6e90<\/h3>\n\n\n\n